Nadakam is a type of dance in Kerala, India. It has been described as "the most complex and interesting ritual art form of the [South Indian] Dravidian people" and "a unique and complicated blend of music, song, poetry, theater and dance." Nadakam originated in Kerala in the 1920s and 1930s. Introduced to Europe by Diwan Maharaja Rajaraja Varma (1872-1953), Nadakam was presented to Queen Victoria in 1883 when she visited Travancore. India's Independence struggle saw it transformed into a tool for social change. At that time, Nadakam was performed on the streets of Travancore, with subjects related to freedom. It has since spread across countries like Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and more. Modern nadakam groups include Kapila Vaidhyanatha Bhagavathar's troupe (1927), Thiruvananthapuram G.C. Nair's troupe (1935), Kottarakara Sreedharan Nair's troupe (1937) and others who continue to perform in India and abroad. In 2004, the Kerala government announced a special award of Rs. 250000 for kathakali artistes from 2000 onwards. The award is given each year on the basis of one's contribution to the art form.
The roots of Kathakali can be traced back to its forerunner "Kutiyattam", an ancient Sanskrit theatre form which originated in the south Indian state of Kerala. Kutiyattam, meaning "performance on leather mats" in Malayalam, was performed out in open spaces or courtyards made of clayey soil and wet leather mats painted with chalk and cow dung mixture. The stage decor included a raised platform for the king or "nayaka", who sat on a throne, and another for the maharaja, who sat under a canopy. The actors wore masks and played on drums and cymbals while dancing to the beat of the rhythm section consisting of vannamanam (drum), kuzhal(bell), veembakam (a large drum made from buffalo's horn) and maddalam (flute). While a play is being enacted before a live audience, all of the cast members—the king, his queens, princes and courtiers—are silent. Only the nayaka, maharaja and their companions speak soliloquies or express feelings using hand gestures. In the 17th century, as the Nayak. Rama Varma (1696–1746) introduced a new bhakti movement which eventually led to his coronation as the Maharaja of Travancore in 1729, Kerala's five royal courts—Travancore, Cochin, Madura, Mysore and Trichinopoly—all began to perform a variety of Sanskrit plays under various titles.
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